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Pain catastrophizing
Pain catastrophizing is the tendency to describe a pain experience in more exaggerated terms than the average person, to ruminate on it more (e.g., "I kept thinking 'this is terrible'"), and/or to feel more helpless about the experience ("I thought it was never going to get better").〔Van Damme, S., Crombez, G., Bijttebier, P., Goubert, L., & Houdenhove, B. V. (2001). A confirmatory factor analysis of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale: invariant factor structure across clinical and non-clinical populations. International Association for the Study of Pain, 96(3), 319-324. Retrieved October 10, 2013, from www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304395901004638〕 People who report a large number of such thoughts during a pain experience are more likely to rate the pain as more intense than those who report fewer such thoughts.
It is generally assumed that the tendency to catastrophize plays a causal role in the pain experience - that is, it ''causes'' the person to experience the pain as more intense. One suggestion is that catastrophizing influences pain perception through altering attention and anticipation, and heightening emotional responses to pain.〔Gracely, R. H. "Pain Catastrophizing and Neural Responses to Pain among Persons with Fibromyalgia." Brain 127.4 (2004): 835-43. Oxford Journals. Web.〕 However, we cannot yet rule out the possibility that at least some aspects of catastrophization may actually be the ''product'' of an intense pain experience, rather than its cause. That is, the more intense the pain feels to the person, the more likely they are to have thoughts about it that fit the definition of catastrophization.
==Measuring pain catastrophizing==
The components of catastrophizing that are considered primary were long under debate until the development of the pain catastrophizing scale (PCS). The pain catastrophizing scale is a 13-item self-report scale to measure pain catastrophizing created by Michael J. L. Sullivan, Scott R. Bishop and Jayne Pivik.〔The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: Development and Validation, Michael J. L. Sullivan, Scott R. Bishop and Jayne Pivik, Psychological Assessment, 1995, Vol. 7, No. 4, 524-532〕 In the PCS, each item is rated on a 5 – point scale: 0 (Not at all) to 4 (all the time). It is broken into three subscales being magnification, rumination, and helplessness. The scale was developed as a self-report measurement tool that provided a valid index of catastrophizing in clinical and non-clinical populations.〔Sullivan, M. J., Bishop, S. R., & Pivik, J. (1995). The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: Development And Validation.. Psychological Assessment, 7(4), 524-532.〕 It is hypothesized 〔Osman et al., Factor structure, reliability, and validity of the pain catastrophizing scale, Journal of Behavioural medicine, vol.20, no. 6, 1997〕 that pain catastrophizing is related to various levels of pain, physical disability and psychological disability in clinical and nonclinical populations.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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